Cocoanut Grove

On November 28, 1942, as World War II engulfed Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific, something happened in Boston that dominated headlines throughout New England and across the country the next day, overshadowing even the gruesome reports of horrific battles and escalating casualties: In the deadliest nightclub fire in US history, the Cocoanut Grove burned to the ground, killing 492 people.

And while that harrowing story has become well known over the past 80 years, what’s less remembered is the club’s fascinating pre-inferno past. Before the blaze, it hosted the most illustrious musical acts of the era including a suave 25-year old singing sensation named Frank Sinatra in 1941 – appearing as part of Tommy Dorsey’s orchestra before starting his solo career in 1942 – and was just as famous for its owner’s underworld associations as for its prestigious patrons’ influence, wealth and glamour.

OVERVIEW

When it came to the most stylish, sophisticated, swingin’ venues in post-WWI, pre-WWII America, New York had the Copacabana, Los Angeles had the Café Trocadero, Chicago had the Club DeLisa and Boston had “the Grove.” Extravagantly decorated with swanky furnishings, enormous artificial palm trees, Polynesian-style accoutrements and, of course, coconuts – plus a roll-open roof so patrons could “Dine & Dance under the Stars and Sky,” as the promo posters said – the Grove was, for most of its 15-year existence, an uber-chic spot frequented by socialites, sports stars, military brass, vaudeville greats and Hollywood celebrities.

From 1931 to 1933, however – Prohibition’s final years – it lost much of its original respectability while functioning as the de facto nighttime headquarters for Boston’s most infamous, feared and high-powered mobsters, their go-to place for wining, dining and otherwise bribing politicians and law-enforcement authorities.

OPENING, MICKEY ALPERT, JACQUES RENARD

Opened on October 27, 1927, with a revolving door as its main entrance/exit – tragically, as it jammed during the fire due to the crush of panicked patrons – the Grove’s first owners were locally known crooner Mickey Alpert, age 23, who had appeared often in theatre productions and on radio broadcasts, and nationally celebrated bandleader Jacques Renard, a 33-year old classically trained violinist born in modern-day Ukraine who moved to Boston as a child. Renard had performed with his orchestras multiple times on top radio shows including George Burns’ and Gracie Allen’s and Eddie Cantor’s and his 1925/26 band occasionally included an ambitious 22-year old trombonist who became a household name in the ‘30s/’40s fronting his own orchestra: Glenn Miller.

LOCATION, INTERIOR DETAILS

Despite its prime location at 17 Piedmont Street near the Park Square theatre district, Prohibition made the club a risky commercial proposition. Still, Alpert and Renard were convinced that world-class live music would draw throngs of people to the 460-capacity, alcohol-free club and they adhered strictly to the national liquor ban.

The Grove’s main area had a dining room, several small bars, a ballroom, a grand piano and a bandstand for jazz combos/singers. Big bands including the resident Cocoanut Grove Orchestra performed in the basement-level Melody Lounge which – as tragically as the club’s main egress being a revolving door – had only one exit, a four-foot-wide set of stairs leading to the foyer.

CHARLES “KING” SOLOMON

Initially, Alpert and Renard planned to finance the Grove through Jack Bennett – who used the pseudonym Jack Berman to conceal his checkered past – but they decided to fund it themselves after learning that Bennet was an ill-famed grifter planning to launder money through the club. However, with Prohibition making it virtually impossible for the pair to turn a profit after all, Alpert and Renard sold the Grove to Charles “King” Solomon in 1931 for $10,000 (about $195,000 in 2022).

Solomon was a nationally notorious, Russian-born mob boss who controlled most of the Boston area’s bootlegging, illegal narcotics and illicit gambling and much of it across New England. During his roughly two years as owner, the Grove operated as a speakeasy, until January 1933 when a rival gang shot him dead in the men’s room of the Cotton Club on Tremont Street.

BARNET “BARNEY” WELANSKY, NOTABLE APPEARANCES

The third owner, Solomon’s heavily mob-connected lawyer Barnet “Barney” Welansky, had a close relationship with Boston Mayor Maurice Tobin and bragged openly about refusing to follow what he referred to as “silly” building-code requirements and fire-escape regulations. Ironically, given his infamous involvement with the city’s gangsters, Welansky transformed the Grove from the unsavory mobster hangout Solomon had created back into an elegant retreat for the elite – just as it had been from 1927-1931 – with original co-owner Micky Alpert as full-time emcee.

By the late 1930s, the Grove was hosting the most acclaimed big-band leaders of the era including Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Sammy Kaye, Artie Shaw, Harry James, Claude Thornhill, Woody Herman, Buddy Clark, Frankie Carle and Les Brown, along with a regular rotation of lesser-known local, regional and national acts.

FIRE, SURVIVORS, FATALITIES, ARTHUR FIEDLER

On the night of the five-alarm fire – when an estimated 1,000 people were in the club (more than double its official capacity) and six of its nine doors were locked – Alpert was singing onstage. He was backed by a band that included pianist Bernie Fazioli and bassist Jack Lesberg, a Boston native who survived after using his double-bass to smash open a wall, a breathtaking escape that Charles Mingus recounted in his autobiography Beneath the Underdog (Alfred A. Knopf, 1971). Lesberg went on to perform with jazz greats including Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines, Jack Teagarden, Sarah Vaughan and Benny Goodman and as part of the New York Symphony under the directorship of Lawrence, Massachusetts native Leonard Bernstein.

Alpert also survived, moving from Boston to New York shortly afterward to start a new career as a casting director. Fazioli did not make it out alive, however, along with several other band members and the Hollywood cowboy-movie star Buck Jones, who was in Boston as part of a US tour to sell war bonds. According to Arthur Fiedler’s official biography, Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1981), written by former Boston Symphony Orchestra first violinist Harry Ellis Dickson, the then 48-year-old Boston Pops principal conductor assisted with rescue efforts at the scene of the fire.

WELANSKY’S CONVICTION, PARDON

Welansky was convicted of 19 counts of negligent manslaughter – for failure to secure the necessary building and alcohol permits and for allowing highly flammable materials and shoddy wiring in the Grove, among other things – and sentenced to 12-15 years in prison. After serving just three and a half years, however, he was pardoned by the newly appointed Governor of Massachusetts, his friend and former Boston Mayor Maurice Tobin.

RENARD’S POST-GROVE ACTIVITY

After selling the Grove to Solomon in 1931, Renard enjoyed a successful career on stage and on the radio, releasing over 60 10-inch, 78-rpm records on the Victor label and becoming the musical director for CBS radio programs. He appeared in two Warner Brothers short-subject films alongside other noted radio performers: Nick Kenny’s Radio Thrills No. 2 (with vocalist Arthur “The Street Singer” Tracy, violist and Boston native Leo Reisman, Native American jazz singer Mildred “The Queen of Swing” Bailey, British tenor Donald Novis and actor-singer Buddy “America’s Boy Friend” Rogers) and Rambling ‘Round Radio Row #5 (with vocal duo Reece & Dunn, comic trio The Funnyboners, country-western singer Sykes “Smith” Ballew, actress-singer Frances Langford and Arthur “The Street Singer” Tracy).

SIDEWALK PLAQUE, “PHOENIX OUT OF THE ASHES”

In 1993, the Bay Village Neighborhood Association embedded a plaque in the sidewalk outside the club’s former location which reads “In memory of the more than 490 people who died as a result of the Cocoanut Grove fire on November 28, 1942. As a result of that terrible tragedy major changes were made in the fire codes and improvements in the treatment of burn victims not only in Boston but across the nation. ‘Phoenix out of the Ashes.’”

SIX LOCKED DOORS: THE LEGACY OF COCOANUT GROVE

In 2017, the 75th anniversary of the fire, WGBH aired the debut broadcast of the 70-minute documentary Six Locked Doors: The Legacy of Cocoanut Grove, which features archival footage, photographs and interviews with survivors, many in their 90s who had never spoken publicly about the event. The film, which also includes in-depth review and analysis of the incompetence, greed and corruption that led to the tragedy, won the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2020 Massachusetts Independent Film Festival.

Upon the documentary’s release, the Quincy-based Fire Protection Research Foundation’s Executive Director Emeritus Casey Grant stressed its significance even decades after the Cocoanut Grove disaster. “We are continually fighting complacency,” he told the Associated Press, citing the 2003 fire at The Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, that killed 100 people and the 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire in Oakland, California, that killed 36. “Films like this are hugely important to remind us about the lessons of history.”

 (by D.S. Monahan)